Exploring the Dynamics of E-Learning: From the Early Era to AI Integration and a Comparative Analysis of Implementation Across Educational Levels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58355/manajia.v3i4.107Keywords:
E-Learning, Higher Education, Technological Evolution, Critical Analysis, Digital PedagogyAbstract
Digital transformation has made e-learning an essential paradigm in higher education, offering superior flexibility (anytime, anywhere). This article aims to analyze the historical development of e-learning, compare its implementation models in schools and universities, and critically evaluate its advantages and disadvantages. This research employs a literature review with a qualitative descriptive approach and critical analysis. Data sources include reputable primary and secondary literature, collected through a structured documentation study and analyzed using narrative synthesis and content analysis to interpret pedagogical and technological concepts. E-learning has evolved from passive document transfer (1990s) to adaptive systems powered by AI and VR (2020s). Its implementation in higher education is driven by andragogy, demanding high student autonomy in analysis and exploration, in contrast to the structured school model. Key advantages include flexibility in time and the development of digital skills through learning analytics. However, critical challenges include the digital divide, the risk of social isolation, and the difficulty of managing students' intrinsic motivation due to the lack of physical supervision. Optimal implementation of e-learning in higher education must adopt a hybrid-adaptive model that integrates online sessions (for adaptive knowledge transfer) with offline/face-to-face sessions (for critical discussion and collaborative practice). Continued investment in lecturers' digital pedagogy and interactive content design is required to ensure equity of access and quality of learning.
Downloads
References
Ally, M. (2008). Foundations of Educational Theory for Online Learning. Athabasca: Athabasca University Press. (Sumber teoretis dasar pembelajaran daring)
Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three Generations of Distance Education Pedagogy. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(3), 80-97. (Sumber mengenai evolusi pedagogi E-Learning)
Arsyad, A. (2018). Media Pembelajaran. Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. (Sumber fundamental media pembelajaran dan TIK di Indonesia)
Bates, T. (2015). Teaching in a Digital Age: Guidelines for Designing Teaching and Learning for a Digital Age. Vancouver: Tony Bates Associates Ltd. (Sumber komprehensif mengenai strategi pengajaran di era digital)
Chandrawati, S. R. (2010). Pemanfaatan E-Learning dalam Pembelajaran. Cakrawala Kependidikan, 8(2), 101-203. (Jurnal Indonesia tentang pemanfaatan E-Learning)
Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi. (2020). Panduan Implementasi E-Learning. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (Sumber kebijakan resmi nasional)
Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., & Jones, K. (2014). The Effectiveness of Online and Blended Learning: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature. Teachers College Record, 116(3), 1–47. (Meta-analisis penting tentang efektivitas blended learning)
Munir. (2017). Pembelajaran Digital: Era 4.0. Bandung: Alfabeta. (Sumber referensi Indonesia mengenai pendidikan di era revolusi industri 4.0)
Nurseto, T. (2018). Pengembangan E-Learning Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Yang Inovatif. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 24(4), 478-489. (Jurnal Indonesia tentang pengembangan E-Learning)
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. New York: MCB University Press. (Sumber klasik tentang perbedaan generasi dalam konteks teknologi)
Rosenberg, M. J. (2001). E-Learning: Strategies for Delivering Knowledge in the Digital Age. New York: McGraw-Hill. (Sumber penting mengenai strategi E-Learning dan definisi IBL)
Sadikin, A., & Hambali, M. (2020). Pembelajaran Daring di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Pendidikan, 11(1), 1–9. (Jurnal relevan mengenai adopsi E-Learning yang dipercepat pandemi)
Susilo, A., & Hermawan, A. (2022). Perancangan Sistem Informasi E-Learning Berbasis Web untuk Peningkatan Literasi Komunitas. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Pendidikan, 11(1), 12-25. (Jurnal mengenai sistem berbasis web)
Yamin, M., & Syahrir, S. (2020). Implementasi Learning Management System (LMS) Berbasis Moodle dalam Pembelajaran Daring. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Pendidikan, 18(1), 45-56. (Jurnal tentang implementasi LMS)
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining Self-Regulation: A Social Cognitive Perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. (Sumber teoretis mengenai kemandirian belajar/motivasi)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizki Anggi Zulfikri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
